- #Cartographica for macintosh how to#
- #Cartographica for macintosh software#
- #Cartographica for macintosh professional#
Show how reasoning with cases, and reasoning with the law of excluded Support reasoning by cases and reasoning with the law of excluded middle However, existing frameworks for reasoning with inconsistency do not Knowledge bases that contain inconsistent information is necessary. However, when we coalesce the factsĪnd rules provided by these different experts, inconsistency may arise.Īlternatively, knowledge bases may be. Each expert may provide us with a group of rulesĪnd facts which are self-consistent.
#Cartographica for macintosh how to#
Analysis procedures are introduced and guidance is given on how to understand the data base structure, detect bias and correlation, form models, and aggregate the expert judgments.ĭatabases and knowledge bases could be inconsistent in many ways.įor example, during the construction of an expert system, we may consult Detailed guidance is offered on how to elicit expert judgment ranging from selecting the questions to be posed of the experts to selecting and motivating the experts to setting up for and conducting the elicitation. We provide background on the uses of expert judgment and on the processes by which humans solve problems, including those that lead to bias. These persons may be from physical and engineering sciences, mathematics and statistics, business, or the military. Our aim is to provide a guide for lay persons in expert judgment. It refers specifically to data that are obtained in a deliberate, structured manner that makes use of the body of research on human cognition and communication. Expert judgment is defined here to include both the experts' answers to technical questions and their mental processes in reaching an answer. In this book we describe how to elicit and analyze expert judgment. These specifics are great responsibility of mapmakers, absence of big production teams, unknown recipients of maps, incomplete or incorrect orders from customers, political correctness of maps, delivery time requirements, employing DTP tools, utilizing someone elseʼs products, security classification of products, releasability of products, big variety of map formats, forms and types, production originality and some other. Some specifics relate exclusively to a strategic or politico-strategic level, other specifics occur at other command levels as well. The process of production of geographic products, thematic maps in particular, is one of these activities.
Experience shows that there are certain specifics given by the work environment, technical conditions, organizational conditions, composition and qualification of personnel, and other factors that significantly affect activities within geospatial support at this level. Geospatial support at a strategic command level in some respects differs considerably from geospatial support at lower command levels. That is the reason why this issue should be studied thoroughly. It was not addressed either in the Czech Army or in NATO and EU structures where a number of geographic departments exist to provide specific activities in favour of this command level. The domain of thematic map production at a strategic command level and related problems have not yet been addressed in sufficient breadth and detail that is needed. Expert system for cartography must contain the following elements of knowledge: theory and facts of cartography, meta-knowledge, a general strategy how to assemble a map output, not least the rules and procedures of applied cartography.
#Cartographica for macintosh professional#
Data must be stored in base with the requisite degree of professional qualification, which is required for backward utilization in the development of deductive conclusions in the map-making process. You can easily imagine this as typical model template of a specific map.
Cartographic knowledge must be organized in the expert system as rules or design patterns (object oriented) and stored in a cartographic knowledge-base. Gaining the knowledge from experts is laborious and time-consuming activity -very often is led using interview. In this case, the written sources are cartography textbooks, maps, and atlases. Source of knowledge are experts -cartographers or written sources. This contribution is in detail focused on the first activity -the acquisition of knowledge.
These four activities are necessary to ensure transfer of expertise knowledge from expert to expert system, and then to the user: the acquisition of knowledge, interpretation skills, knowledge and derive the transfer of knowledge to the user. The base of expert system is a establishing a knowledge base.
#Cartographica for macintosh software#
Expert system is a software application, which uses artificial intelligence and can reach levels comparable to human expert. The aim of expert system for cartography is the transferring the cartographical expert skills to non-professionals.
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